Paper
Since October 7, 2023, over ten percent of the population of Gaza has been directly killed or injured in two years of Israel’s war in Gaza. In addition, writes political scientist Neta Crawford (Co-Founder, Costs of War and Professor, University of Oxford), “the destruction of infrastructure – including energy, water, sanitation, agriculture, housing, and healthcare – [has] rendered the conditions of life so difficult as to cause long term harm for the rest of the population.”
As of October 3, 2025, according to the Gaza Ministry of Health, 67,075 people have been killed and 169,430 people have been injured, totaling 236,505 casualties, out of the approximately 2.2 million people living in Gaza before the war. Recent analysis by public health experts suggests that the number of fatalities reported by the Gaza Ministry of Health, which faces many obstacles to making a full account of the deaths, may be a significant undercount of the violent deaths.
In the two years since the October 7, 2023 Hamas attack on Israel, the U.S. government has spent $21.7 billion on military aid to Israel and $9.65 - $12.07 billion on related operations in the wider Middle East, for a total of over $31 billion and counting.
See Related Papers
Costs of United States Military Activities in the Wider Middle East Since October 7, 2023
U.S. Military Aid and Arms Transfers to Israel, October 2023 – September 2025
