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Costs of War
February 25, 2025
Tags Matthew Thomas Payne Roberto Sirvent Tanner Mirrlees

Consuming War: How Pop Culture Captures Our Attention and Fuels Forever Wars

Paper

This cultural analysis series showcases how, every day, Americans are inundated with cultural products promoting militarism. Consuming War papers provide case-by-case introductions to the militarization of movies/tv, video games, sports, social media, toys and fashion. Papers are authored separately by media studies scholars Tanner Mirlees (Associate Professor, Ontario Tech University)  Matthew Payne (Associate Professor, University of Notre Dame), political theorist Roberto Sirvent (Lecturer, Harvard Medical School), anthropologist Eva Mariá Rey Pinto (Adjunct Professor, American University), anthropologist David Vine and political theorist Cynthia Enloe (Clark University).

From movies to sporting events, our attention is often captured by messages that glorify combat while obscuring the deadly realities of war. The entertainment we consume obscures the costs of war and can normalize the military’s central purpose  — war-making — by framing it as a shared value, preventing reflection about the choices behind the use of the U.S. military, the treatment of military personnel, or the consequences of U.S. militarism. The Consuming War series examines how the Pentagon influences cultural creations to recruit troops and build public support. 

When we as Americans are aware of how we are consuming cultural messages, we are better able to resist their effects and ask critical questions about how the U.S. engages in the world. 

The Militarization of Fashion: “Camo,” “Khakis,” and Beyond”

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The Militarization of Toys

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The Militarization of Social Media Platforms

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The Militarization of Video Game Culture

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The Militarization of U.S. Sports

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The Militarization of Movies and Television

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About the Authors

  • Tanner Mirrlees

    Tanner Mirrlees

    Associate Professor of Communication and Digital Media Studies, Ontario Tech University
    tanner.mirrlees@ontariotechu.ca.

    Tanner Mirrlees is an Associate Professor in the Communication and Digital Media Studies program in the Faculty of Social Science and Humanities at Ontario Tech University. One of his research areas centers on the intersections of media, war, and conflict. Mirrlees is the author of Hearts and Mines: The US Empire’s Culture Industry, which provides a comprehensive study of the relationship between the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. media and entertainment industries within the broader history of U.S. Empire.

    He has also co-edited special journal issues on military communications and pop culture at war, including “Media, Technology and the Culture of Militarism” for Democratic Communiqué (2014). Currently, Mirrlees serves on the editorial board of Media, War & Conflict, the leading international journal on media and war studies, and was a co-organizer of the 2023 ICA pre-conference “Reimagining the Field of Media, War, and Conflict in the Age of Information Disorder.”

    Mirrlees is currently researching the U.S.-China superpower competition and how it manifests in the domains of media, digital technologies, and popular culture, and recently authored “The US and China Tech War.” 

    SEE PAPER > The Militarization of Social Media Platforms (2025), The Militarization of Movies and Television (2025)

  • Matthew Thomas Payne

    Matthew Thomas Payne

    Associate Professor, University of Notre Dame
    matthewpayne@nd.edu
    Website

    Matthew Thomas Payne is the author of Eugene Jarvis: King of the Arcade (Bloomsbury, 2025) and Playing War: Military Video Games after 9/11 (NYU Press, 2016). He is co-author of Ultima and Worldbuilding in the Computer Role-Playing Game (Amherst College Press, 2024), and is a co-editor of the anthologies How to Play Video Games (NYU Press, 2019), Joystick Soldiers: The Politics of Play in Military Video Games (Routledge, 2009) and Flow TV: Television in the Age of Media Convergence (Routledge, 2010). He teaches media studies at the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana.

    SEE PAPER > The Militarization of Video Games (2025)

  • Roberto Sirvent

    Roberto Sirvent

    Lecturer, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School.
    roberto_sirvent@hms.harvard.edu

    Roberto Sirvent is a political theorist who studies race, law, and social movements. He also works at the intersection of ethics, philosophy of religion, and science and technology studies (STS). His primary research examines the prevalence of medical neglect, abuse, and torture in prisons and immigrant detention centers. He is also working on various projects around AI, particularly its connection to the exploitation and surveillance of workers, as well as its use in education, policing, immigration enforcement, war, and other military applications. He is co-author (with Danny Haiphong) of the book, American Exceptionalism and American Innocence: A People's History of Fake News―From the Revolutionary War to the War on Terror (Skyhorse, 2019).

    SEE PAPER > The Militarization of U.S. Sports (2025)

  • Eva Mariá Rey Pinto

    Eva Mariá Rey Pinto

    PhD candidate; Adjunct Instructor in the Department of Anthropology at American University
    evarey18@gmail.com
    Eva Maria Rey Pinto is a PhD candidate and adjunct instructor in the Department of Anthropology at American University in Washington, D.C. She is an alumna of the Latino Museum Studies Program at the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Latino, where she explored the intersections of war and philanthropy. Before joining AU, she conducted research on gender and military education in Colombia. Her research interests are toys, gender, militarization, cultural imperialism, and neoliberalism in the United States and Latin America. 
     
    SEE PAPER > The Militarization of Toys (2025)
  • David Vine

    David Vine

    davidsvine@pm.me
    Website

    David Vine is a political anthropologist and writer. David is the author of a trilogy of books about war and peace including "The United States of War: A Global History of America’s Endless Conflicts, from Columbus to the Islamic State," which was a finalist for the 2021 Los Angeles Times Book Prize in History. The other books are "Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S. Military Base on Diego Garcia" and "Base Nation: How U.S. Military Bases Abroad Harm America and the World." David was a professor of anthropology at American University in Washington, DC, for 18 years (2006-2024), achieving the rank of full professor in 2018. See davidvine.net and basenation.us for more information.

  • Cynthia Enloe

    Cynthia Enloe

    Research Professor of Political Science in the Department of Sustainability and Social Justice, with affiliations in Women’s and Gender Studies and Political Science, Clark University
    cenloe@clarku.edu
    Website

    Cynthia Enloe’s career has included Fulbrights in Malaysia and Guyana, guest professorships in Japan, Canada, UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Iceland, as well as The Middlebrook/Djerassi Visiting Professor of Gender Studies at University of Cambridge, UK. She has presented lectures in Sweden, Norway, Germany, Portugal, Spain, Chile, Vietnam, Korea, Cambodia, Colombia, Bosnia, Turkey, Brazil, the Czech Republic, Austria, Finland, Ukraine and at universities around the U.S. Her writings have been translated into Ukrainian, Spanish, Bosnian, Turkish, French, Portuguese, Japanese, Korean, Swedish, Czech, Icelandic, Finnish, German and Chinese. She has published in Ms. Magazine and The Village Voice, and appeared on National Public Radio, Al Jazeera, C-Span and the BBC. Professor Enloe’s fifteen books include Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives (2000), The Curious Feminist (2004) and Nimo’s War, Emma’s War: Making Feminist Sense of the Iraq War, (2010), The Real State of America: Mapping the Myths and Truths about the United States (co-authored with Joni Seager; 2011, revised 2014); Seriously! Investigating Crashes and Crises as if Women Mattered, 2013. Enloe’s thoroughly updated edition of Bananas, Beaches and Bases was published by University of California Press, 2014. Her updated edition of Globalization and Militarism: Feminists Make the Link was published in English and French in 2016, and Spanish in 2022. Enloe’s The Big Push: Exposing and Challenging Persistent Patriarchy, is published in English, Chinese ,Japanese and Spanish. (original: Myriad Editions, UK; current: University of California Press, US, 2017). Her newest book is Twelve Feminist Lessons of War (London: Footnote Press, Bonnier Books UK; in the US: Berkeley: University of California Press) 2023.

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Consuming War: How Pop Culture Captures Our Attention and Fuels Forever Wars